The Eternal Wisdom of the Gurus
THE GURUS OF SIKHISM
Sikhism’s origin can be attributed to the succession of ten Sikh Gurus who lived between 1469 and 1708, spanning a total of 239 years. The primary focus of these spiritual leaders was the moral welfare of their followers and the propagation of spiritual teachings. It was during this period that the sacred scriptures were established by these ten Gurus.
The Gurdwara houses the sacred Shri Gurugranth Sahieb.
The Tenth Guru, Sri Gurugobind Singh, made the decision that there would be no successor to the gaddi after them. The Sri Gurugranth Sahieb, also known as the 11th Sikh Guru, would serve as the sole Guru for Sikhs from that point on. Our Holly book would then become our ultimate source of guidance.
Sikh Gurus Family Tree
Sikh Gurus Family Tree
Guru Granth Sahib Ji holds the position of the 11th Sikh Guru, unlike the ten before who were human guides in matters of spirituality. As the central religious scripture of Sikhism, it carries a unique significance.
The holy scripture known as the Guru Granth Sahib is a compilation of hymns and teachings by Sikh Gurus and saints. It holds the esteemed position of being the eternal Guru for followers of the Sikh faith. Prior to his passing, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, declared it as such.
First Guru
GURU NANAK DEV JI
There exists but a single deity Guru Nanak Dev Ji, born in 1469 in Talwandi (now in Pakistan), was the founder of Sikhi. Despite being raised in a Hindu household, he delved into different religions, such as Islam, and gained profound spiritual insight. In an era marked by casteism, Guru Nanak Dev Ji denounced this division and advocated for equality among all individuals.
The implementation of *langar*, a communal dining hall where individuals from all walks of life could share meals together, was introduced by him. It remains an integral aspect of Sikh culture even in present times.
Some of the main principles emphasized by Guru Nanak Dev Ji are:
- There exists but a single deity.
- God is within reach of everyone, without the requirement of priests or rituals.
- In the eyes of God, all individuals are viewed equally.
In his thirties, he had a life-changing encounter during meditation by a river, which led to the creation of his renowned hymn, the “Song of the Soul.” Following this, he embarked on a journey lasting 15 years, sharing his beliefs of harmony, fairness, and reverence throughout South Asia.
In 1539, Guru Nanak Dev Ji left this world. Every year, Sikhs mark his birth anniversary with a grand festival filled with prayer, music, and acts of service for the community.
Second Guru
GURU ANGAD DEV JI
Guru Angad Dev Ji, born in India in 1509, carried on the important spiritual and social work initiated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism. One of his notable achievements was documenting Guru Nanak’s teachings, ultimately incorporated into the Adi Granth, the principal scripture of Sikhism.
Motivated by his wife, Guru Angad Dev Ji extended Guru Nanak’s vision of serving others by institutionalizing the concept of langar—communal kitchens within Sikh places of worship, also known as gurdwaras. These facilities offer complimentary meals to all individuals, regardless of their origins, faith, or societal standing. This value system centered on fairness and benevolence remains an integral part of Sikh customs across the globe.
In addition to his emphasis on the importance of literacy and education, Guru Angad Dev Ji also played a crucial role in establishing schools and Sikh religious centers. His commitment to education not only united and empowered the Sikh community, but also guaranteed the perpetuation of Sikh teachings for years to come. Under his guidance, Guru Angad Dev Ji not only preserved the principles of Guru Nanak, but also laid a strong groundwork for the advancement and structure of Sikh religious and societal practices.
Third Guru
GURU AMAR DAS JI
Born in India in 1479, Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji became the third Sikh Guru at the age of 73. Prior to his appointment, he spent numerous years serving Guru Angad Dev Ji. His unwavering commitment played a pivotal role in establishing the fundamental Sikh belief of *sewa*, or selfless service to others – a principle that continues to hold great importance in Sikh culture today.
Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji’s significant contribution was the expansion of langar, the community kitchen. His efforts ensured that langars were accessible at all times, displaying the Sikh principles of equality, compassion, and community care by providing nourishment to everyone regardless of their social status, religion, or caste.
In addition to his strong beliefs in gender equality, Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji was a pioneer in challenging social norms that restricted women’s rights in India. He actively promoted their dignity and potential for leadership, which was reflected in his decision to appoint 52 women as ministers alongside men. These spiritual and community leaders were entrusted with the important responsibility of spreading the message of Sikhism and supporting local communities. By taking this progressive step towards inclusivity, Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji contributed significantly to the foundation of Sikh teachings on justice and human rights.
Fourth Guru
GURU RAM DAS JI
Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji, the fourth Sikh Guru, was born in 1534 in Lahore, now part of present-day Pakistan. He became part of Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji’s family by marrying his daughter, Bibi Bhani Ji. During their wedding day, Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji created a hymn that has since become a significant element of the Sikh marriage ceremony, *Anand Karaj,* which is still recited at present-day Sikh weddings.
Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji, a key figure in the growth of Sikhism, made noteworthy contributions. He established Amritsar, which later became the hub of the religion. With his leadership, efforts were initiated to build the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), now revered as the most sacred place in Sikhism and a representation of inclusivity and harmony.
The teachings of Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji emphasized that one’s value should not be judged by their financial status or family lineage, but rather by their actions. He firmly believed that a person’s character is shaped by their deeds, stating, “It is deeds which define a person.” This served as a reminder for Sikhs to practice humility, serve others, and conduct themselves with goodness. Through his profound teachings, he continues to inspire followers to live compassionate, egalitarian, and devoted lives.
Fifth Guru
GURU ARJAN DEV JI
Born in 1563, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was not only the fifth Sikh Guru, but also the son of Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji. He had a significant impact on the development of Sikhism, not only spiritually but also physically. One of his major contributions was overseeing the completion of the Golden Temple in Amritsar. His vision for this sacred place was to make it accessible to all people, regardless of their direction, background, or beliefs. To symbolize this openness, he designed it with four doors.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji made a significant contribution by gathering the sacred writings of the past Sikh Gurus and other spiritual leaders into one holy scripture. This compilation, known as the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, serves as the central text of Sikhism and is revered as the eternal Guru by Sikhs.
In 1606, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir ordered Guru Arjan Dev Ji to edit certain parts of the scripture that referenced other religions. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji stood firm in his belief in religious freedom and the unity of all faiths. As a consequence, he was taken into custody, subjected to torture, and ultimately sentenced to death. After enduring five days of agony, he was finally allowed to bathe in the river. In accordance with Sikh tradition, as he immersed himself in the water, his body vanished and became one with divine light. He is revered as the first Sikh martyr who sacrificed his life for truth and spiritual liberation.
Sixth Guru
GURU HARGOBIND SAHIB JI
Born in India in 1595, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji was the sixth Sikh Guru and the offspring of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. His father’s passing had a profound effect on him and the entire Sikh community. In response to this tragedy, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji implemented the concept of *miri* and *piri*, which encompassed both spiritual and worldly authority. He emphasized the importance of martial arts and self-defense, while stressing that weapons must only be utilized for the purpose of safeguarding the innocent, never for aggression or harm towards others.
Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji emerged as a prominent figure of bravery and guidance. His deeds sparked a change in Sikh history, harmonizing spiritual devotion with the pursuit of justice and protection. The festival of Bandi Chhor Divas commemorates a noteworthy incident in his life, when the Guru was liberated from jail alongside 52 other political captives.
Emperor Jahangir, who had previously incarcerated Guru Arjan Dev Ji, later imprisoned Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji. Despite the king’s offer to release him, the Guru declined to depart until all other inmates were freed as well. This unwavering demand for fairness and empathy garnered immense admiration and continues to be revered by Sikhs globally.
Seventh Guru
GURU HAR RAI SAHIB JI
Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji, the seventh Sikh Guru and grandson of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, was born in 1630. He is lovingly remembered as the ‘tender-hearted Guru’ because of his gentle nature and deep compassion for all living things. It is said that once, after brushing against a rose bush and causing its petals to fall, he was so upset by the harm he had unintentionally caused that he began to cry.
Though he was taught by his grandfather to avoid violence, Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji maintained a strong presence by keeping thousands of well-trained Sikhs around him for protection. He believed in peace but also in the importance of being prepared to defend the innocent if necessary. He enjoyed hunting, but unlike most hunters, he never harmed the animals—catching them only to release them again safely.
Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji also had a deep interest in healing and cared for the sick. He created a large herbal garden and used the plants to make natural medicines, which helped many people recover from illness. His life was a beautiful example of kindness, humility, and service to others, reflecting the Sikh principles of compassion and care for all creation.
Eighth Guru
GURU HAR KRISHAN SAHIB JI
Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji became the eighth Sikh Guru at the young age of five. He was the son of Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji. Although some questioned whether such a young child could take on the responsibilities of a Guru, Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji quickly proved his spiritual wisdom and divine connection.
He was known for his humility, kindness, and miraculous healing abilities. One well-known incident involved him curing a person who was both deaf and mute, which helped people see his spiritual power and accept him as the true Guru.
In 1664, a severe outbreak of smallpox struck the city of Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji, despite his young age, selflessly traveled to the city to help those who were suffering.
He devoted himself to caring for the sick and comforting those in need, demonstrating great compassion and courage. Sadly, in the process of serving others, he contracted smallpox himself. Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji passed away from the illness at only eight years old.
Despite his short life, his legacy of selfless service, compassion, and spiritual strength continues to inspire millions of people around the world to this day.
Ninth Guru
GURU TEGH BAHADUR SAHIB JI
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji, the ninth Sikh Guru, was born on April 1, 1621, in Amritsar, India. He was the youngest son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, and from a young age, he was deeply spiritual. Along with his devoted wife, Mata Gujri Ji, he spent much of his time in meditation and prayer, embodying humility and compassion.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji traveled extensively across South Asia, spreading the teachings of Sikhi—emphasizing equality, selfless service, and devotion to God. Beyond guiding Sikhs, he became a defender of religious freedom for all. In 1675, when the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb began persecuting non-Muslims, forcing conversions under threat of death, a group of Hindu leaders sought the Guru’s help. Recognizing the injustice, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji fearlessly challenged Aurangzeb, declaring that no one should be forced to abandon their faith.
His defiance led to his arrest. Despite enduring severe torture, he refused to renounce his beliefs or convert. On November 24, 1675, he was publicly executed in Delhi, becoming a martyr for religious freedom. His sacrifice, remembered as “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India), inspired his son, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, to establish the Khalsa, further strengthening Sikh resistance against oppression. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji’s legacy remains a timeless symbol of courage and justice.
Tenth Guru
GURU GOBIND SINGH SAHIB JI
Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji, the tenth and final human Sikh Guru, was born on December 22, 1666, in Patna, India. He was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji and Mata Gujri Ji. At just nine years old, he witnessed his father’s martyrdom for defending religious freedom—an event that deeply shaped his mission.
In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji established the Khalsa, a spiritual brotherhood and sisterhood of baptized Sikhs committed to righteousness, equality, and justice. During the historic Vaisakhi festival, he initiated the Panj Pyare (the Five Beloved Ones), giving them Amrit (holy nectar) and outlining the Five Ks (Kesh, Kara, Kanga, Kachera, Kirpan) as symbols of Sikh identity. The Khalsa became a fearless force against oppression, upholding the principles of truth, justice, and selfless service.
Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji also completed the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the eternal Sikh scripture, by compiling the teachings of all the Gurus. Before his passing in 1708, he declared that the Guru Granth Sahib Ji would be the Sikhs’ everlasting spiritual guide, ending the line of human Gurus.
A warrior, poet, and philosopher, Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji sacrificed his entire family—his father, mother, and four sons—for justice and faith. His legacy lives on through the Khalsa, inspiring millions to live with courage, devotion, and equality.
Eleventh Guru
GURU GRANTH SAHIB JI
Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji bestowed the title of Guru Granth Sahib Ji upon the sacred scripture, elevating it as the Sikhs’ eternal spiritual guide. This holy text, revered as the living Guru, is enshrined in every gurdwara (Sikh temple), where devotees bow before it as a sign of respect and devotion.
The Guru Granth Sahib Ji is a universal scripture, containing not only the divine wisdom of the Sikh Gurus but also the teachings of enlightened Hindu and Muslim saints, such as Bhagat Kabir, Sheikh Farid, and Namdev Ji. This reflects Sikhi’s core belief in the unity of all faiths.
Structure and Significance of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji
The scripture begins with “Ik Onkar” (One Supreme Reality), followed by the Mool Mantra, which encapsulates the essence of Sikh philosophy. The next section, Japji Sahib, composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, consists of 38 Pauris (stanzas) and serves as the Sikhs’ morning prayer, guiding spiritual awakening.
The evening prayer, Rehras Sahib, includes two parts:
- “So Dar” (5 hymns)
“So Purkh” (4 hymns)
Before sleep, Sikhs recite Kirtan Sohila (5 hymns), a soothing prayer for protection and gratitude.
A Living Guru for All Humanity
The Guru Granth Sahib Ji is not just a book but a divine presence, treated with the highest reverence. It is ceremoniously placed on a manji sahib (elevated throne) under a palki sahib (canopy), and a chaur sahib (whisk) is waved over it as a mark of devotion. Its teachings promote equality, compassion, and devotion to God, making it a timeless guide for humanity.